ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which was first discovered in Wuhan, China. The disease has grown into a global pandemic causing mild to moderate symptoms in most people. The disease can also exhibit serious illnesses, especially for patients with other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer. In such cases of severe illness, high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) has been used to provide oxygenation to COVID-19 patients. However, the efficiency of HFNO remains uncertain, prompting the conduction of this systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy. A thorough search for relevant and original articles was carried out on five electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Google Scholar. No time limitation was placed during the search as it included all the articles related to COVID-19 from 2019 to 2022. The search strategy utilized in this systematic review yielded 504 articles, of which only 10 met the eligibility criteria and were included. Our meta-analysis reveals that HFNO success rate was higher than HFNO failure rates (0.52 (95% CI;0.47, 0.56) and 0.48 (95% CI;0.44, 0.53), respectively), however, the difference was statistically insignificant. HFNO was associated with a significant decrease in mortality and intubation rates (0.28 (95% CI;0.19, 0.39) and 0.28 (95% CI;0.18, 0.41), respectively). Our statistical analysis has shown that significantly lower ROX index (5.07 +/- 1.66, p = 0.028) and PaO2/FiO2 (100 +/- 27.51, p = 0.031) are associated with HFNO failure, while a significantly lower respiratory rate (RR) (23.17 +/- 4.167, p = 0.006) is associated with HFNO success. No statistically significant difference was observed in SpO2/FiO2 ratio between the HFNO success and failure groups (154.23 +/- 42.74 vs. 124.025 +/- 28.50, p = 0.62, respectively). Based on the results from our meta-analysis, the success or failure of HFNO in treating COVID-19 adult patients remains uncertain. However, HFNO has been shown to be an effective treatment in reducing mortality and intubation rates. Therefore, HFNO can be recommended for COVID-19 patients but with close monitoring and should be carried out by experienced healthcare workers.Copyright © 2023 The Authors
ABSTRACT
Ozonation processes and hydrogen peroxide systems can be used as advanced oxidation photochemical processes (AOPs) to treat leachate from municipal landfills. They are efficient and effective processes in the extermination of microorganisms and elimination of viruses and pathogens, including members of the virus family coronaviridae (such as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), the new coronavirus COVID-19, that all countries of the world suddenly faced recently, and the result-ing emergence of many cases and injuries that exceed the absorption of hospitals, quarantine, and home self-isolation, and the abundant use of personal protective equipment, like face masks, gloves, contaminated cotton, dressings, and plaster, etc., whether in the case of infection or for prevention, and mixing of this type of waste with household waste, which increase the negative environmental impact because of the highly contaminated waste generation. This study aims to determine the most effective and safest methods of treating the leachate at optimum conditions of each process in laboratory-scale experiments at pH values (7.5–8.5).It was found that both O and O /H O effectively reduced the concentration of organic compounds under optimal experimental conditions. 3 3 2 2 O3 /H2 O2 was very effective in reducing the concentration of organic compounds in optimal experimental conditions The most effective process, with the best results were obtained at 20 mg/L of H2 O2 after increasing the treatment time to 60 min, where the efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 84%–92%, the efficiency of total organic carbon removal was in the range of 29.21–58.42 mg/L. The biodegradation indicated by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)/COD ratio increased from 0.17 to 0.74, and the turbidity removal efficiency was 75.60%–82.80%. © 2022 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.